Foreword I	6
	Foreword II	8
	Preface	10
	Review I	11
	Review II	13
	Contents	14
	About the Editors	16
	Knowledge Transfer and Standards Needs in Additive Manufacturing	18
	1 Introduction	18
	2 Standardization Needs in Additive Manufacturing	19
	3 Training Needs and Knowledge Transfer in Additive Manufacturing	21
	4 How Standards Can Support Knowledge Transfer for Additive Manufacturing	26
	5 Conclusions	29
	References	29
	Continuing Education and Part-Time Training on Additive Manufacturing for People in Employment—an Approach Focused on Content-Related and Didactical Excellence	31
	1 Background	31
	2 Fundamentals of Part-Time Training in Continuing Education	34
	2.1 Relevance of Continuing Education for Today’s Industry	34
	2.2 General Requirements of the Learning Psychology for Part-Time Training in Continuing Education	35
	2.3 Design of a Part-Time Training in Continuing Education	37
	3 Fraunhofer’s Modular Network Approach for Continuing Education and Part-Time Training in the Field of Additive Manufacturing	38
	3.1 Introducing Fraunhofer IGCV and Fraunhofer Academy	38
	3.2 Modular Framework for Continuing Education and Part-Time Training Within Fraunhofer Gesellschaft Under the Umbrella of Fraunhofer Academy	38
	3.3 Developed Modules	40
	References	48
	Additive Manufacturing: Instrumental Systems Used in Research, Education, and Service	50
	1 Introduction	50
	1.1 AM’s Technological Advancements and Affordability	50
	1.2 The Response to Global Competition	51
	1.3 Undergraduate Student Recruitment and Retention in the STEM Field	52
	2 Additive Manufacturing Education at the Undergraduate Level	53
	2.1 Additive Manufacturing as a Stand-Alone Course	53
	2.2 Additive Manufacturing Education in the Context of Other Courses	56
	2.3 Additive Manufacturing in Capstone Design Course	57
	3 Research Activities on Additive Manufacturing	59
	3.1 Research on Developing an Additive Manufacturing Process	59
	3.2 Utilizing Additive Manufacturing for Applied Research	63
	4 Service and Outreach	63
	5 Conclusion	64
	References	64
	Introducing the State-of-the-Art Additive Manufacturing Research in Education	68
	1 Introduction	68
	2 Literature Review-Based Learning	70
	3 Project-Based Learning	73
	4 Summary and Further Remarks	78
	References	79
	Developing an Understanding of the Cost of Additive Manufacturing	81
	1 Introduction to Product Cost Estimation	81
	2 Understanding the Characteristics of Additive Manufacturing Cost Models	83
	3 How to Build an Additive Manufacturing Cost Model	85
	4 Using Cost Estimators in Breakeven Analyses	88
	5 Problems and Extensions	89
	5.1 Efficient Capacity Utilisation	89
	5.2 Additive Manufacturing as a Multi-step Process	90
	5.3 The Expected Cost Effect of Process Failure	90
	6 The Cost Impact of Design Adaptation	91
	7 Some Additional Considerations	92
	8 Using Specific Cost Estimates	92
	9 Conclusions	95
	References	96
	Intellectual Property Rights and Additive Manufacturing	98
	1 Scope of the Problem	98
	2 General Elements of IP Disruption: The Legal Nature of CAD and the Territoriality of IPRs	99
	3 Specific Elements of Disruption: Copyright, Trademarks and Patents	100
	3.1 CAD Copyright and Infringement Standards in Additive Manufacturing	101
	3.2 Trademark Protection, Functions and Infringement with Additive Manufacturing	103
	3.3 Patentability of CAD and Patent Enforcement Challenges	104
	4 Navigating the Challenge—Some Practical Suggestions	107
	References	109
	Additive Manufacturing Validation Methods, Technology Transfer Based on Case Studies	111
	1 Introduction	111
	2 Challenges for Technology Transfer—The Additive Manufacturing Business Ecosystem and Technology Convergence	112
	2.1 Economics: Can Additive Manufacturing Compete in Cost?	113
	2.2 If Cost is the Barrier, What are the Enablers?	115
	2.3 How to Justify Technology Implementation? Steps Towards Technology Transfer	119
	3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives	121
	References	122
	FoFAM and AM-Motion Initiatives: A Strategic Framework for Additive Manufacturing Deployment in Europe	125
	1 Introduction	125
	2 FoFAM and AM-Motion: Strategic Actions	126
	3 The Regional Framework and Policies	133
	4 Conclusions	135
	References	136
	The Machine Tool Industry’s Changing Skills Needs: What is the Impact of Additive Manufacturing Technologies?	138
	1 Technological Evolution of the Machine Tool Industry: From Subtractive to Additive Manufacturing	138
	2 Skills Needed in the Machine Tool Industry	140
	3 Impact of Additive Manufacturing Technologies on the Machine Tool Workforce	142
	4 Conclusions and Recommendations on Additive Manufacturing Education	146
	References	147
	Teaching Design for Additive Manufacturing Through Problem-Based Learning	150
	1 Problem-Based Learning	150
	2 Design for Additive Manufacturing	151
	3 The Application of PBL for Industry DfAM Courses at Lund University	153
	4 Conclusions	158
	References	159
	‘What is in a Word?’—The Use and Background for Terms and Definitions in Additive Manufacturing	161
	1 Introduction	161
	2 The Origin and Background for Terms and Abbreviations Used in Additive Manufacturing Technology	161
	3 Process Names, Brand Names and Acronyms	163
	3.1 ‘3D Printing’	163
	3.2 ‘Laser Sintering’	165
	3.3 ‘Fused Deposition Modelling’	167
	3.4 ‘SLA’, ‘LOM’ and Others	167
	3.5 Describing the Process: As Rapid Prototyping or Industrial Manufacturing?	168
	3.6 International Standards Development	169
	3.7 Process Categories and Structure of Concepts	171
	4 Summary	173
	References	179
	Functional, Technical and Economical Requirements Integration for Additive Manufacturing Design Education	180
	1 Introduction	180
	2 Design for Additive Manufacturing	181
	3 Constraints and Quality Considerations in Design for Additive Manufacturing	186
	4 Cost Considerations in Design for Additive Manufacturing	188
	5 Conclusions	190
	References	190
	Additive Manufacturing Systems for Medical Applications: Case Studies	195
	1 Introduction	195
	2 Overview of Additive Manufacturing Systems in Biomedical Applications	196
	2.1 Vat Photopolymerization Processes	197
	2.2 Powder Bed Fusion	197
	2.3 Material Extrusion	199
	2.4 Inkjet Printing Processes	202
	3 Case Studies of Additive Manufacturing in Healthcare	202
	3.1 Hand-Wrist-Forearm Orthosis	204
	3.2 Finger Orthosis	205
	3.3 Mandibular Reconstruction Using Autologous Bone and Cutting Guides	207
	3.4 Customized Cranial Prostheses	208
	3.5 Personalized Insoles	210
	3.6 Bone Composite Scaffolds for Regenerative Medicine	211
	4 Conclusions	212
	References	215
	Professional Training of AM at the European Level	218
	1 Introduction	218
	2 Demand for Personnel Training in Additive Manufacturing	219
	3 Tackling AM Training at a European Level	219
	4 Conclusions	222
	References	223
	Future Challenges in Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing	225
	1 Introduction	225
	2 Fabrication Processes and Data Exchange Formats for Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing	226
	3 Challenges for the Production of Functionally Graded Additive Manufactured Parts	228
	4 Future Directions for Functionally Graded Additive Manufacturing	230
	5 Conclusion	232
	References	233
	16 Erratum to: ‘What is in a Word?’—The Use and Background for Terms and Definitions in Additive Manufacturing	235
	Erratum to:	235
	Useful Information	236