Cover	1
	Title Page	3
	Copyright	4
	About the Authors	5
	About the Technical Editor	5
	Credits	6
	Acknowledgments	7
	Contents	9
	Introduction	23
	Who This Book is for	24
	What This Book Covers	24
	How This Book is Structured	25
	The C# Language (Chapters 1–13)	25
	Windows Programming (Chapters 14–15)	26
	Cloud and Cross-Platform Programming (Chapters 16–19)	26
	Data Access (Chapters 20–23)	27
	Additional Techniques (Chapters 24–25)	27
	What you Need to use This Book	28
	Conventions	28
	Source Code	29
	Errata	29
	Part I: The C# Language	31
	Chapter 1: Introducing C#	33
	What is the .NET Framework?	34
	What’s in the .NET Framework?	34
	.NET Standard and .NET Core	35
	Writing Applications Using the .NET Framework and .NET Core	35
	CIL and JIT	36
	Assemblies	37
	Managed Code	37
	Garbage Collection	37
	Fitting it Together	38
	Linking	39
	What Is C#?	39
	Applications You Can Write with C#	40
	C# in this Book	41
	Visual Studio 2017	41
	Visual Studio 2017 Products	41
	Solutions	42
	Chapter 2: Writing a C# Program	45
	The Visual Studio 2017 Development Environment	46
	Console Applications	51
	The Solution Explorer	54
	The Properties Window	55
	The Error List Window	55
	Desktop Applications	56
	Chapter 3: Variables and Expressions	63
	Basic C# Syntax	64
	Basic C# Console Application Structure	66
	Variables	68
	Simple Types	68
	Variable Naming	73
	Literal Values	73
	Binary Literals and Digit Separators	74
	String Literals	75
	Expressions	76
	Mathematical Operators	77
	Assignment Operators	82
	Operator Precedence	83
	Namespaces	84
	Chapter 4: Flow Control	89
	Boolean Logic	90
	Boolean Bitwise and Assignment Operators	92
	Operator Precedence Updated	94
	Branching	95
	The Ternary Operator	95
	The if Statement	95
	Checking More Conditions Using if Statements	98
	The switch Statement	99
	Looping	102
	do Loops	103
	while Loops	105
	for Loops	107
	Interrupting Loops	108
	Infinite Loops	109
	Chapter 5: More about Variables	113
	Type Conversion	114
	Implicit Conversions	114
	Explicit Conversions	116
	Explicit Conversions Using the Convert Commands	118
	Complex Variable Types	121
	Enumerations	121
	Defining Enumerations	122
	Structs	126
	Defining Structs	126
	Arrays	129
	Declaring Arrays	129
	foreach Loops	132
	Pattern Matching with switch case expression	132
	Multidimensional Arrays	136
	Arrays of Arrays	138
	String Manipulation	139
	Chapter 6: Functions	147
	Defining and Using Functions	148
	Return Values	150
	Parameters	152
	Parameter Matching	154
	Parameter Arrays	154
	Reference and Value Parameters	156
	Out Parameters	159
	Tuples	160
	Variable Scope	161
	Variable Scope in Other Structures	164
	Parameters and Return Values versus Global Data	166
	Local Functions	167
	The Main() Function	168
	Struct Functions	171
	Overloading Functions	172
	Using Delegates	174
	Chapter 7: Debugging and Error Handling	179
	Debugging in Visual Studio	180
	Debugging in Nonbreak (Normal) Mode	180
	Outputting Debugging Information	181
	Tracepoints	186
	Diagnostics Output Versus Tracepoints	188
	Debugging in Break Mode	188
	Entering Break Mode	188
	Monitoring Variable Content	192
	Stepping through Code	194
	Immediate and Command Windows	196
	The Call Stack Window	197
	Error Handling	197
	try…catch…finally	198
	Throw Expressions	205
	Listing and Configuring Exceptions	206
	Chapter 8: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming	209
	What Is Object-Oriented Programming?	210
	What Is an Object?	211
	Properties and Fields	212
	Methods	213
	Everything’s an Object	214
	The Life Cycle of an Object	214
	Constructors	214
	Destructors	215
	Static and Instance Class Members	215
	Static Constructors	215
	Static Classes	216
	OOP Techniques	216
	Interfaces	217
	Disposable Objects	218
	Inheritance	218
	Polymorphism	221
	Interface Polymorphism	222
	Relationships between Objects	223
	Containment	223
	Collections	224
	Operator Overloading	224
	Events	225
	Reference Types versus Value Types	225
	OOP in Desktop Applications	226
	Chapter 9: Defining Classes	233
	Class Definitions in C#	234
	Interface Definitions	236
	System.Object	239
	Constructors and Destructors	241
	Constructor Execution Sequence	242
	OOP Tools in Visual Studio	246
	The Class View Window	246
	The Object Browser	248
	Adding Classes	249
	Class Diagrams	250
	Class Library Projects	252
	Interfaces Versus Abstract Classes	256
	Struct Types	258
	Shallow Copying Versus Deep Copying	260
	Chapter 10: Defining Class Members	263
	Member Definitions	264
	Defining Fields	264
	Defining Methods	265
	Defining Properties	266
	Tuple Deconstruction	271
	Refactoring Members	272
	Automatic Properties	273
	Additional Class Member Topics	274
	Hiding Base Class Methods	274
	Calling Overridden or Hidden Base Class Methods	276
	The this Keyword	276
	Using Nested Type Definitions	277
	Interface Implementation	279
	Implementing Interfaces in Classes	280
	Explicit Interface Member Implementation	281
	Additional Property Accessors	282
	Partial Class Definitions	282
	Partial Method Definitions	283
	Example Application	285
	Planning the Application	285
	The Card Class	285
	The Deck Class	285
	Writing the Class Library	286
	Adding the Suit and Rank Enumerations	287
	Adding the Card Class	289
	Adding the Deck Class	290
	A Client Application for the Class Library	293
	The Call Hierarchy Window	295
	Chapter 11: Collections, Comparisons, and Conversions	299
	Collections	300
	Using Collections	301
	Defining Collections	306
	Indexers	307
	Adding a Cards Collection to CardLib	309
	Keyed Collections and IDictionary	312
	Iterators	313
	Iterators and Collections	318
	Deep Copying	319
	Adding Deep Copying to CardLib	320
	Comparisons	322
	Type Comparisons	322
	Boxing and Unboxing	322
	The is Operator	324
	Pattern Matching with the is Operator Pattern Expression	327
	Value Comparisons	328
	Operator Overloading	328
	Adding Operator Overloads to CardLib	332
	The IComparable and IComparer Interfaces	338
	Sorting Collections	339
	Conversions	343
	Overloading Conversion Operators	343
	The as Operator	345
	Chapter 12: Generics	349
	What Are Generics?	350
	Using Generics	351
	Nullable Types	351
	Operators and Nullable Types	352
	The ?? Operator	353
	The ?. Operator	354
	Working with Nullable Types	355
	The System.Collections.Generic Namespace	359
	List	360
	Sorting and Searching Generic Lists	361
	Dictionary	367
	Modifying CardLib to Use a Generic Collection Class	369
	Defining Generic Types	369
	Defining Generic Classes	370
	The default Keyword	372
	Constraining Types	372
	Inheriting from Generic Classes	378
	Generic Operators	379
	Generic Structs	380
	Defining Generic Interfaces	380
	Defining Generic Methods	381
	Defining Generic Delegates	382
	Variance	383
	Covariance	384
	Contravariance	384
	Chapter 13: Additional C# Techniques	389
	The :: Operator and the Global Namespace Qualifier	390
	Custom Exceptions	391
	Adding Custom Exceptions to CardLib	392
	Events	393
	What Is an Event?	393
	Handling Events	395
	Defining Events	398
	Multipurpose Event Handlers	401
	The EventHandler and Generic EventHandler Types	404
	Return Values and Event Handlers	404
	Anonymous Methods	405
	Expanding and Using CardLib	405
	Attributes	414
	Reading Attributes	414
	Creating Attributes	415
	Initializers	416
	Object Initializers	417
	Collection Initializers	419
	Type Inference	422
	Anonymous Types	424
	Dynamic Lookup	428
	The dynamic Type	429
	Advanced Method Parameters	432
	Optional Parameters	433
	Optional Parameter Values	434
	The OptionalAttribute Attribute	434
	Optional Parameter Order	434
	Named Parameters	434
	Lambda Expressions	439
	Anonymous Methods Recap	439
	Lambda Expressions for Anonymous Methods	440
	Lambda Expression Parameters	443
	Lambda Expression Statement Bodies	444
	Lambda Expressions as Delegates and Expression Trees	445
	Lambda Expressions and Collections	446
	Part II: Windows Programming	453
	Chapter 14: Basic Desktop Programming	455
	XAML	456
	Separation of Concerns	457
	XAML in Action	457
	Namespaces	458
	Code-Behind Files	459
	The Playground	459
	WPF Controls	460
	Properties	462
	Dependency Properties	465
	Attached Properties	465
	Events	466
	Handling Events	467
	Routed Events	468
	Routed Commands	468
	Control Types	471
	Control Layout	471
	Basic Layout Concepts	471
	Stack Order	472
	Alignment, Margins, Padding, and Dimensions	472
	Border	473
	Visual Debugging Tools	473
	Layout Panels	474
	Canvas	474
	DockPanel	476
	StackPanel	478
	WrapPanel	479
	Grid	479
	The Game Client	482
	The About Window	483
	Designing the User Interface	483
	The Image Control	484
	The Label Control	484
	The TextBlock Control	484
	The Button Control	485
	The Options Window	488
	The TextBox Control	489
	The CheckBox Control	489
	The RadioButton Control	490
	The ComboBox Control	491
	The TabControl	492
	Handling Events in the Options Window	495
	Data Binding	497
	The DataContext	498
	Binding to Local Objects	498
	Static Binding to External Objects	499
	Dynamic Binding to External Objects	500
	Starting a Game with the Listbox Control	502
	Chapter 15: Advanced Desktop Programming	509
	Creating and Styling Controls	510
	Styles	510
	Templates	511
	Triggers	513
	Animations	514
	WPF User Controls	515
	Implementing Dependency Properties	516
	The Main Window	529
	The Menu Control	529
	Routed Commands with Menus	529
	Putting It All Together	534
	Refactoring the Domain Model	534
	The ViewModel	541
	Completing the Game	549
	Part III: Cloud and Cross-Platform Programming	561
	Chapter 16: Basic Cloud Programming	563
	The Cloud, Cloud Computing, and the Cloud Optimized Stack	564
	Cloud Patterns and Best Practices	567
	Using Microsoft Azure C# Libraries to Create a Storage Container	568
	Creating an ASP.NET 4.7 Web Site That Uses the Storage Container	578
	Chapter 17: Advanced Cloud Programming and Deployment	589
	Creating an ASP.NET Web API	590
	Deploying and Consuming an ASP.NET Web API on Microsoft Azure	594
	Scaling an ASP.NET Web API on Microsoft Azure	602
	Chapter 18: .NET Standard and .NET Core	609
	Cross-Platform Basics and Key “Must Know” Terms	611
	What Is .NET Standard, and Why Is It Needed?	613
	Shared Project, PCL, and .NET Standard	614
	Referencing and Targeting Frameworks	617
	What is .NET Core?	618
	Cross Platform	620
	Open Source	621
	Optimized for the Cloud	621
	Performance	622
	Modular Design	623
	Self-Contained Deployment Model	625
	Building and Packaging a .NET Standard Library	626
	Building a .NET Core Application with Visual Studio	632
	Porting from .NET Framework to .NET Core	635
	Identifying Third-Party Dependencies	635
	Understanding Which Features Are Not Available	636
	Upgrading the Current .NET Framework Target	636
	Choosing the Platforms to Target for the Program	636
	Chapter 19: ASP.NET and ASP.NET Core	639
	Overview of Web Applications	640
	Which ASP.NET to Use and Why	641
	ASP.NET Web Forms	643
	ASP.NET MVC	644
	ASP.NET Web API	647
	ASP.NET Core	647
	ASP.NET Web Site versus ASP.NET Web Application Project Types	648
	File Structure	649
	Compiling	649
	Deployment	649
	Using ASP.NET Web Forms	650
	Server Controls	650
	Input Validation	651
	State Management	652
	Authentication and Authorization	653
	Creating ASP.NET Core Web Applications	657
	IIS and Kestrel	658
	Razor Syntax	658
	Input Validation	659
	State Management	660
	Authentication and Authorization	661
	Dependency Injection	662
	Part IV: Data Access	669
	Chapter 20: Files	671
	File Classes for Input and Output	672
	The File and Directory Classes	673
	The FileInfo Class	674
	The DirectoryInfo Class	676
	Path Names and Relative Paths	676
	Streams	677
	Classes for Using Streams	677
	The FileStream Object	678
	File Position	680
	Reading Data	680
	Writing Data	683
	The StreamWriter Object	685
	The StreamReader Object	688
	Reading Data	690
	Asynchronous File Access	690
	Reading and Writing Compressed Files	691
	Monitoring the File System	694
	Chapter 21: XML and JSON	703
	XML Basics	704
	JSON Basics	704
	XML Schemas	705
	XML Document Object Model	707
	The XmlDocument Class	708
	The XmlElement Class	708
	Changing the Values of Nodes	713
	Inserting New Nodes	714
	Deleting Nodes	717
	Selecting Nodes	719
	Converting XML to JSON	719
	Searching XML with XPath	721
	Chapter 22: LINQ	727
	LINQ to XML	728
	LINQ to XML Functional Constructors	728
	Working with XML Fragments	731
	LINQ Providers	734
	LINQ Query Syntax	735
	Declaring a Variable for Results Using the var Keyword	736
	Specifying the Data Source: from Clause	737
	Specify Condition: where Clause	737
	Selecting Items: select Clause	738
	Finishing Up: Using the foreach Loop	738
	Deferred Query Execution	738
	LINQ Method Syntax	739
	LINQ Extension Methods	739
	Query Syntax versus Method Syntax	739
	Lambda Expressions	740
	Ordering Query Results	742
	Understanding the orderby Clause	743
	Querying a Large Data Set	744
	Using Aggregate Operators	747
	Using the Select Distinct Query	750
	Ordering by Multiple Levels	753
	Using Group Queries	755
	Using Joins	757
	Chapter 23: Databases	761
	Using Databases	761
	Installing SQL Server Express	762
	Entity Framework	762
	A Code First Database	763
	But Where Is My Database?	770
	Navigating Database Relationships	772
	Handling Migrations	779
	Creating and Querying XML from an Existing Database	780
	Part V: Additional Techniques	789
	Chapter 24: Windows Communication Foundation	791
	What Is WCF?	792
	WCF Concepts	793
	WCF Communication Protocols	793
	Addresses, Endpoints, and Bindings	794
	Contracts	796
	Message Patterns	797
	Behaviors	797
	Hosting	798
	WCF Programming	798
	The WCF Test Client	804
	Defining WCF Service Contracts	807
	Data Contracts	807
	Service Contracts	808
	Operation Contracts	808
	Message Contracts	809
	Fault Contracts	809
	Self-Hosted WCF Services	814
	Chapter 25: Universal Apps	823
	Getting Started	824
	Windows Universal Apps	825
	App Concepts and Design	826
	Screen Orientation	826
	Menus and Toolbars	826
	Tiles and Badges	826
	App Lifetime	827
	Lock Screen Apps	827
	App Development	827
	Adaptive Displays	827
	Relative Panel	828
	Adaptive Triggers	828
	FlipView	830
	Sandboxed Apps	835
	Disk Access	836
	Serialization, Streams, and Async Programming	836
	Navigation between Pages	840
	The CommandBar Control	842
	Managing State	844
	Common Elements of Windows Store Apps	846
	The Windows Store	848
	Packaging an App	848
	Creating the Package	849
	Appendix : Exercise Solutions	851
	Chapter 3 Solutions	851
	Exercise 1	851
	Exercise 2	851
	Exercise 3	851
	Exercise 4	851
	Exercise 5	851
	Chapter 4 Solutions	852
	Exercise 1	852
	Exercise 2	852
	Exercise 3	853
	Chapter 5 Solutions	853
	Exercise 1	853
	Exercise 2	853
	Exercise 3	853
	Exercise 4	854
	Exercise 5	854
	Exercise 6	854
	Chapter 6 Solutions	855
	Exercise 1	855
	Exercise 2	855
	Exercise 3	855
	Exercise 4	855
	Exercise 5	856
	Chapter 7 Solutions	856
	Exercise 1	856
	Exercise 2	856
	Exercise 3	856
	Exercise 4	857
	Chapter 8 Solutions	857
	Exercise 1	857
	Exercise 2	857
	Exercise 3	857
	Exercise 4	858
	Exercise 5	858
	Chapter 9 Solutions	859
	Exercise 1	859
	Exercise 2	859
	Exercise 3	859
	Exercise 4	859
	Exercise 5	860
	Chapter 10 Solutions	861
	Exercise 1	861
	Exercise 2	861
	Exercise 3	861
	Exercise 4	861
	Exercise 5	862
	Chapter 11 Solutions	863
	Exercise 1	863
	Exercise 2	864
	Exercise 3	864
	Exercise 4	865
	Exercise 5	866
	Chapter 12 Solutions	866
	Exercise 1	866
	Exercise 2	866
	Exercise 3	867
	Exercise 4	867
	Exercise 5	867
	Exercise 6	869
	Chapter 13 Solutions	869
	Exercise 1	869
	Exercise 2	870
	Exercise 3	874
	Exercise 4	874
	Exercise 5	875
	Exercise 6	875
	Exercise 7	875
	Exercise 8	875
	Chapter 14 Solutions	875
	Exercise 1	875
	Exercise 2	876
	Exercise 3	876
	Exercise 4	877
	Chapter 15 Solutions	878
	Exercise 1	878
	Exercise 2	880
	Exercise 3	880
	Chapter 16 Solutions	881
	Exercise 1	881
	Exercise 2	882
	Chapter 17 Solutions	882
	Exercise 1	882
	Exercise 2	883
	Chapter 20 Solutions	883
	Exercise 1	883
	Exercise 2	883
	Exercise 3	883
	Exercise 4	883
	Exercise 5	884
	Exercise 6	884
	Chapter 21 Solutions	884
	Exercise 1	884
	Exercise 2	884
	Exercise 3	884
	Exercise 4	885
	Chapter 22 Solutions	885
	Exercise 1	885
	Exercise 2	886
	Exercise 3	886
	Exercise 4	887
	Exercise 5	887
	Exercise 6	888
	Chapter 23 Solutions	888
	Exercise 1	888
	Exercise 2	889
	Exercise 3	889
	Exercise 4	890
	Chapter 24 Solutions	892
	Exercise 1	892
	Exercise 2	892
	Exercise 3	892
	Exercise 4	892
	Exercise 5	892
	Chapter 25 Solutions	893
	Exercise 1	893
	Exercise 2	894
	Index	895
	EULA	915