Foreword	5
	Preface	7
	Book Goals	8
	Target Audience	9
	Outline	9
	Contents	14
	Chapter 1: Foundations	20
	1.1 Background	20
	1.1.1 Basic Concepts	20
	1.1.2 The Purpose of Explicitly Using Software Processes	22
	1.1.3 Software Processes and their Evolution	24
	1.1.4 Managing Software Processes	27
	1.1.5 Software Process Models and Meta-models	30
	1.2 The Software Process Ecosystem	31
	1.3 Historical Overview	32
	1.3.1 The Early Days	33
	1.3.2 The 1980s: The Rise of Software Processes	35
	1.3.3 The 1990s and Early 2000s: Lightweight and Agile Processes	36
	1.3.4 Recent Trends	37
	1.4 Terminology and Basic Concepts	39
	1.4.1 General Terminology	40
	1.4.2 Process Terminology	40
	1.4.3 Software Process Terminology	43
	1.4.4 Model and Meta-model Terminology	46
	1.4.5 Process Model Terminology	48
	1.4.5.1 The process cube	48
	1.4.5.2 Standard processes and tailoring	49
	1.4.6 Major Phases Within Software Life Cycles	51
	1.4.7 Other Relevant Terminology	53
	Further Reading	54
	Exercises	55
	References	55
	Chapter 2: Software Process Definition and Modelling	59
	2.1 Introduction	59
	2.1.1 Basic Concepts	60
	2.1.2 Properties of Process Meta-Models	61
	2.1.3 Meta-meta-modelling	64
	2.1.4 Core Contents of Software Process Models	65
	2.1.5 Further Contents of Software Process Models	67
	2.2 Notations for Modelling the Interactions Between Processes	67
	2.2.1 Value Chain Diagrams and Process Landscape Diagrams	68
	2.2.2 The Multi-View Process Modeling Language (MVP-L)	68
	2.3 Detailed-Level Modelling Notations for Individual Processes	71
	2.3.1 Process Patterns	71
	2.3.2 Modelling Notations from Requirements Analysis	72
	2.3.2.1 Modelling notations from structured analysis and design	72
	2.3.2.2 Modelling notations from UML	73
	2.3.3 High-Level Notations for General Processes	74
	2.3.3.1 The Entry-Task-Verification-Exit (ETVX) notation	74
	2.3.3.2 Turtle diagrams	75
	2.3.3.3 The SIPOC notation	75
	2.3.3.4 Schematic representation of processes according to ISO 9001	76
	2.3.4 Notations for Modelling Business Processes	76
	2.3.5 Process Notations for Formal Analysis	78
	2.3.5.1 Process Algebras	78
	2.3.5.2 System Dynamics	79
	2.4 Combined Modelling Notations Combining High-Level and Detailed-Level Modelling	79
	2.4.1 Life Cycle Diagram Plus Textual Process Documentation	80
	2.4.2 The Software & Systems Process Engineering Meta-Model (SPEM)	81
	2.4.3 Software Engineering Metamodel for Development Methodologies (SEMDM) ISO/IEC 24744	82
	2.4.4 V-Model XT Meta-Model	83
	Further Reading	84
	Exercises	84
	References	85
	Chapter 3: Software Processes in the Software Product Life Cycle	87
	3.1 Introduction	87
	3.1.1 Distinctive Properties of Software Process and Life Cycle Models	88
	3.1.2 Software Product Life Cycle	91
	3.1.3 Organisational Software Processes	93
	3.1.4 Software Development Life Cycle	95
	3.1.5 Software Life Cycle Processes According to ISO/IEC/IEEE 12207	95
	3.1.6 Categories of Software Process and Life Cycle Models	96
	3.1.7 Categorizing Process Models by Level of Detail	98
	3.2 Basic Software Development Life Cycle Models	99
	3.2.1 Waterfall Models	99
	3.2.2 The V-Model	101
	3.2.2 Component- or Matrix-Based Models	103
	3.2.4 Prototyping	104
	3.2.5 Iterative, Incremental and Evolutionary Development	107
	3.2.5.1 Basic concepts	107
	3.2.5.2 Boehm’s spiral model	111
	3.2.5.3 Release trains	112
	3.2.6 An Anti-Pattern: Code-and-Fix	113
	3.2.7 Digression: the Six Phases of a (Big) Project	113
	3.3 Methodology-Driven Life Cycle and Process Models	114
	3.4 Detailed, Combined Software Life Cycle and Process Models	115
	3.4.1 The (Rational) Unified Process	115
	3.4.2 The German V-Model XT	117
	3.4.3 Other Software Process Models	118
	3.5 Agile and Lean Development Processes and Methodologies	120
	3.5.1 The Agile Manifesto	120
	3.5.2 Scrum	121
	3.5.3 Common Agile Practices	126
	3.5.4 Planning and Tracking Work in Agile Development	127
	3.5.5 Extreme Programming (XP)	128
	3.5.6 Lean Development	129
	3.5.7 Other Common Agile and Lean Methodologies	133
	3.5.8 Processes for Open Source Software Development	135
	3.5.9 Scaling Agile Development	136
	3.5.9.1 Techniques for scaling agile development	137
	3.5.9.2 Frameworks for scaling agile development	138
	3.5.10 Scaled Agile Framework (SAFe®)	139
	3.6 Hybrid Approaches	142
	3.7 (Capability) Maturity Models	144
	3.8 IT Service Management and Operations	144
	3.8.1 The IT Infrastructure Library (ITIL)	145
	3.8.2 Other Models for IT Service Management and Operations	145
	3.9 Integrating Software Development and Software Operations	146
	3.10 Software Processes and Architecture	148
	3.11 Safety, Security and Privacy	149
	3.11.1 Basic Concepts	149
	3.11.2 Safety Standards and Software Processes	153
	3.11.3 Security Standards and Software Processes	155
	3.11.4 Privacy Standards and Software Processes	158
	3.11.5 Safety, Security and Privacy in the Development Life Cycle	160
	3.12 Application-Specific Life Cycle Models	162
	3.12.1 Life Cycle Models for the Development of Cyber-Physical Systems	163
	3.12.2 Life Cycle Models for Customisation, Configuration and Integration Projects	163
	3.12.3 Life Cycle Models for Artificial Intelligence Systems	164
	3.12.4 Life Cycle Models for Big Data Projects	164
	3.13 Estimating the Dissemination of Software Life Cycle Models	165
	Further Reading	169
	Exercises	170
	References	170
	Chapter 4: Governance and Management of Software Processes	176
	4.1 Introduction	176
	4.2 Process Infrastructure	177
	4.2.1 Process Roles	177
	4.2.2 Selecting a Process Notation	182
	4.2.3 Process Asset Management and Control	182
	4.3 Process Definition	185
	4.3.1 Basic Concepts	185
	4.3.2 Software Process Development	186
	4.4 Process Selection	188
	4.5 Process Tailoring	193
	4.5.1 Overview of Process Tailoring	193
	4.5.2 Tailoring Strategies	195
	4.5.3 Tailoring Criteria	196
	4.6 Process Deployment	197
	4.6.1 Challenges in Process Deployment	197
	4.6.2 State–Enable–Verify–Reward.	198
	4.6.3 Change Management	199
	4.7 Quality Assurance	204
	4.8 IT Governance and Process Governance	206
	4.8.1 Basic Concepts	206
	4.8.2 The COBIT Framework	211
	4.8.3 Software Process Governance	215
	4.8.4 IT Governance and Agile Development	216
	4.8.5 Governance of IT Architecture	216
	4.9 Software Processes as a Form of Knowledge Management	219
	4.9.1 Codification vs. Personalisation of Knowledge	219
	4.9.2 Probst's Building Blocks of Knowledge Management	219
	4.9.3 Armour's Laws of Software Process	221
	4.10 (Globally) Distributed Software Processes	222
	4.11 Software Processes for Software Acquisition	223
	Further Reading	224
	Exercises	225
	References	225
	Chapter 5: Software Process Assessment and Improvement	227
	5.1 Introduction	227
	5.2 Quality of Software Processes and Software Process Models	228
	5.3 Software Process Improvement	230
	5.3.1 Collection, Analysis and Handling of Improvement Ideas	231
	5.3.2 Assessments, Appraisals and Audits	233
	5.3.3 The SPI Manifesto	236
	5.4 Quality Management	237
	5.4.1 Foundations of Quality Management	237
	5.4.2 The Plan-Do-Check-Act-Cycle (PDCA)	238
	5.4.3 The ISO 9000 Series of Standards	240
	5.4.4 Responsibility for Quality, Quality Management and Quality Assurance	242
	5.4.5 Certification	243
	5.4.6 Total Quality Management (TQM)	245
	5.5 (Capability) Maturity Models	246
	5.5.1 Basic Concepts of Capability Maturity Models	247
	5.5.2 Capability and Maturity Levels	252
	5.5.3 Capability Maturity Model Integration (CMMI®)	253
	5.5.3.1 CMMI constellations	253
	5.5.3.2 Structure of CMMI	255
	5.5.3.3 Basic philosophy of CMMI	257
	5.5.3.4 Generic goals and practices	258
	5.5.3.5 CMMI (SCAMPI) appraisals	259
	5.5.3.6 A small example of using CMMI for improvement	260
	5.5.3.7 The way ahead: CMMI v2.0	261
	5.5.3.8 Close relatives: Team Software Process (TSP) and Personal Software Process (PSP)	262
	5.5.4 SPICE (ISO/IEC 15504 and ISO/IEC 330xx)	262
	5.5.4.1 The SPICE Family of Norms	263
	5.5.4.2 Capability and Process Dimension in SPICE	263
	5.5.4.3 SPICE assessments	266
	5.5.4.4 Variants of SPICE	267
	5.5.5 Capability Maturity Models from the Customer's Point of View	268
	5.6 Assessment and Improvement in Agile and Lean Development	269
	5.7 The TAME Project and Related Work	270
	5.8 Further Assessment and Improvement Approaches	272
	Further Reading	273
	Exercises	273
	References	274
	Chapter 6: Software and Software Process Measurement	277
	6.1 Introduction	277
	6.1.1 Why measure?	277
	6.1.2 Measurement Terminology	278
	6.1.3 Measurement Foundations	279
	6.1.4 Metrics	281
	6.2 Implementing and Deploying Measures and Measurement Systems	281
	6.2.1 Basic Concepts	282
	6.2.2 The Goal-Question-Metric Paradigm: GQM and GQM+	284
	6.2.3 Measurement and Analysis in CMMI	286
	6.2.4 Aggregating Different Metrics For Reporting	287
	6.3 Product Metrics	288
	6.3.1 Software Metrics	288
	6.3.2 Software Quality Metrics	289
	6.4 Project and Service Metrics	289
	6.5 Process Metrics: Measuring Process Quality Using Gokyo Ri	291
	6.6 Measurement and Agile Methods	299
	Further Reading	300
	Exercises	300
	References	301
	Chapter 7: Tool Support for Software Processes	302
	7.1 Introduction	302
	7.2 Support for Process Modelling and Process Management	304
	7.2.1 Process Editors	304
	7.2.2 Process and Process Asset Management Tools	306
	7.2.3 Compliance and Quality Assurance Tools	307
	7.3 Tool Support for Process Enactment in the Early Stages of the Software Life Cycle	307
	7.4 Tool Support for Process Enactment in Software Development	308
	7.4.1 Why Tool Support for the Enactment of Software Development Processes?	308
	7.4.2 Process Visualisation	309
	7.4.3 Process-Aware Tools	309
	7.4.4 Tool Support for Project Management and Technical Tasks	310
	7.4.5 Development Environments	310
	7.4.6 Documentation of Source Code	313
	7.5 Tool Support for Process Enactment in the Late Stages of the Software Product Life Cycle	314
	7.6 Compliance and Quality Assurance Tools in Process Enactment	314
	7.7 Privacy (Data Protection)	315
	Further Reading	315
	Exercises	316
	References	316
	Chapter 8: Selected Current Trends in Software Processes	317
	8.1 Process Intelligence and Process Mining	317
	8.1.1 Basic Concepts of Process Mining	317
	8.1.2 Process Mining and Software Processes	319
	8.1.3 Mining of Software Engineering Processes	320
	8.2 Statistical Process Control and Six Sigma	323
	8.2.1 Statistical Process Control (SPC)	323
	8.2.2 Six Sigma	324
	8.2.3 SPC and Six Sigma for Software Processes	325
	8.3 DevOps	327
	8.3.1 From Continuous Integration to Continuous Deployment	328
	8.3.2 The ``Three Ways'' of DevOps	330
	8.3.3 DevOps in Context	332
	8.3.4 DevOps and CALMS	333
	8.3.5 DevOps and ITIL	334
	8.3.6 Benefits and Challenges of DevOps	336
	Further Reading	338
	Exercises	338
	References	339
	Appendix A: Relevant norms and standards	341
	A.1 A Short Overview of the Most Relevant Process Standards	341
	A.2 ISO and IEC Standards	342
	A.3 Other Relevant Standard Documents	345
	Further Reading	346
	References	346
	Appendix B: Gokyo Ri Check-lists to Measure Process Quality	347
	B.1 Process Quality Characteristic ``Process Objectives and Requirements''	347
	B.2 Process Quality Characteristic ``Process Capability''	347
	References	347
	Index	351